By Metropolitan Paul (Yazigi) of Aleppo
(του απαχθέντος μητροπολίτη Χαλεπίου Παύλου)
Monasticism in Syria
Monasticism was the first
spiritual school in which the divine Chrysostom served and of which he
wrote about. At eighteen Chrysostom was convinced of the vanity of his
secular career and he leaned towards the divine writings. At this time
he began studying at the famous "Asketerion" of the somewhat professor
Diodorus, though it is unknown under what conditions.
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The "Asketerion" was a sort of
monastic school with ascetic standards, where the interpretation of the
Scriptures was primarily taught, but also the faith of the Church and
general theology.
Chrysostom had as classmates
Theodore, who later became bishop of Mopsuestia († 428), Maximus, who
later became bishop of Seleucia in Isauria, and others whom we don't
know of.
Chrysostom lived as a monk for a
few years - only six - and he never ceased to admire monasticism and
apply himself to this quintessential exercise.
It should be noted emphatically
that the information Chrysostom gives about monks and ascetics is the
first major named source we have about Syrian monasticism.
Syrian monasticism developed
around the area of Syria. It was the ideal of a strict ethical-ascetical
life and continence, with the effect generally of eastern and related
concepts (rigorismus), and in particular the impact of dedicated
groups (the sons and daughters of the Covenant) and the anchorites of
Mesopotamia. Near Antioch, in the caves of Mount Silpius and along the
banks of the Orontes River, around and within the towns of Gindaros
(currently Jenderes) and Teleda, and specifically in the region of
Antioch and its surrounding mountains, many monks lived as anchorites,
as well as two or three together as cenobites.
The anchorites did not follow
structured rules, and they had much freedom in the ways of their
ascetical efforts. There were many anchorites, or rather remoboths as
Jerome called them in Latin. Chrysostom himself lived as a remoboth for
four years and as an anchorite for two.
This is why in his writings he
highlights personal experiences from his own ascetic struggles. When
Chrysostom speaks of asceticism, of its conditions and benefits, he
refers to all kinds of monasticism. However he was strongly influenced
by charismatic monks, such as Macedonius and the illiterate Julian Sabas
(† 377), who visited the city of Antioch and the crowds venerated him
more than the kings: "When he came into the cities, (and this was but
rarely,) never did such a concourse take place, not when orators, or
sophists, or any one else rode in. But what am I saying? Is not his very
name more glorious than that of any king's, and celebrated even to this
day?" (Homily 21, On Ephesians).
In this way the children of
nobles, disgusted by the luxury and the liberality of life in Antioch,
abandoned riches and parents, and followed the ascetic monks. Chrysostom
rejected outsiders such as the Messalians, who were condemned
synodically as well as by Flavian of Antioch (390).
The majority of monks then were
unaware of Greek, as evidenced by the fact that in some monasteries the
Services and Divine Liturgy were chanted in both Greek and Syriac.
Monks were even more impressed
into the consciousness of Christians when, in 387, after being burdened
with heavy taxes the riotous crowd of the city toppled the statues of
the imperial family, and emissaries of Emperor Theodosius began a
persecution, trials and executions of rebels. At that time many monks,
who for decades lived in asceticism in communes and hermitages, came
into Antioch and begged the judges and military to have compassion on
the unfortunate rebels of Antioch. Indeed, they often offered themselves
up.
The Monastic Ideal Society
From the period of Chrysostom's
life in Antioch comes the majority of his ascetical works. So from the
ascetical spirit of the entire Christian ethic of the Saint, the same
wrote clear ascetical works. By 382 he wrote four Reasons which display
cenobitic monasticism as a community free from passions. Noteworthy is
that great fathers of the Philokalia of the 4th and 5th centuries
were disciples of Chrysostom, such as Mark the Ascetic, Cassian the
Roman and Nilus the Ascetic. Characteristic of them, beyond all other
ascetic fathers, is the continuous use of Scripture, which is naturally
the result of the teachings of the most-biblical Chrysostom. Nilus
however is allegorical, which is foreign to the teaching method of the
sacred Chrysostom.
Because there were monasteries in
Antioch, which mainly functioned as schools for young people, such as,
for example, the "Asketerion" of Diodorus and Carterius, where
Chrysostom studied, it was argued that a young person could find the
most suitable education there.
Chrysostom's enthusiasm for
monasticism and his occasional need to apologize for it, before the very
cosmopolitan society of Antioch, led to strong surges considering
monasticism entirely, with monks, according to him, choosing the
excellent state.
Chrysostom's preference is not a
contradiction to his teaching that Christian perfection is also
possible in the world, because the superiority of virginity is not
ethical but rather in its way and method. The sacred father concludes
this from the following: Because life in the cities has been equated
with the "goings on of Sodom", and because the prevailing corruption has
eclipsed the necessary conditions to exercise Christian perfection.
Because cities have, in his opinion, ended up in a satanic fire, a
monastic community is safer. It was a prayer for Chrysostom to have a
perfect society, so that monasteries were not necessary; that is, if
society identified with the Church and the world identified with the
kingdom of God. That is, if monks ruled, or kings "philosophized", there
would be no need for monasticism. Worthy critics of the situation as it
is in reality are not the monks, but those who make cities a rugged
terrain of the virtues.
Source:
Excerpt from a lecture titled "Saint John Chrysostom and Antioch"
presented at the International Scientific Congress on the 1600th
anniversary of John Chrysostom in Constantinople in 2007. Translated by
John Sanidopoulos.
Click:
John Chrysostom (tag)
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